Seismo Ionospheric Anomalies around and over the Epicenters of Pakistan Earthquakes

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based ionospheric anomalies are nowadays used to identify a possible earthquake (EQ) precursor and hence new research topic in seismic studies. The current study also aims provide an investigation of associated EQs. In order pre-and post-seismic perturbations during the preparation phase large-magnitude EQs, statistical machine learning algorithms applied Total Electron Content (TEC) from Positioning (GPS) Ionosphere Maps (GIMs). We observed TEC perturbation Sukkur (27.8° N, 68.9° E) GNSS station near epicenter Mw 5.4 Mirpur EQ within 5–10 days before main shock day by implementing analysis. However, no anomaly occurred GIM-TEC over epicenter. Furthermore, techniques implemented on GIM data after 7.7 Awaran, where can be clearly seen subsequent rise 2 shock. These variations evident maps Awaran findings point towards large emission energy quiet storm days, which aid development lithosphere ionosphere coupling. entire analysis expanded more satellite ground-based measurements Pakistan other countries reveal pattern air ionization through atmosphere ionosphere.